Wednesday, August 25, 2021

learned cross-hair method

Back on 25 July, I attempted to use the method described by John McCue, with only a cross-hair eyepiece, to measure the separation and position angle of a double star.

At the time I could not get it to work. It seemed to me that something was missing. It was a nagging feeling as I left the web page.

Early today, I had a go using Beish's method, where he demonstrated using a custom bi-filar eyepiece with a micrometer. It got me thinking...

I returned to the British Astronomical Association web page with McCue's notes and diagrams. Built a spreadsheet (again, must have discarded the other) and hammered out the numbers.

Some light bulbs lit this time. I grokked the triangle formed by the initial cross-hair alignment and the second alignment. Trig at work. I started to get some good numbers.

I carefully read every-single-word. Spotted the remark about converting the seconds of time into seconds of angle by multiplying by 15. I did not recall seeing that before.

And then I tried working his sample values. Worked his numbers backwards. Things did not seem to align. And again, hit a roadblock. Again, it felt like something was missing. Or is McCue operating at a different level? Does "sin θ" mean something that I don't know, never learned, never understood?

I did some algebra and ended up with an equation which would solve the separation. And there it was! It worked! I had a value that matched his. Bit more brain-bending formulae and I got the separation! Holy Universe. It actually worked.

Tested it with three random doubles and was impressed. Pretty close on Albireo and HD 206224. A fair result with 94 Aquarii.

So let me try to explain the process and the maths is an obvious and easy way. McCue explanations, I feel, leave a lot to be desired.

  1. align cross-hair to EW or parallel to RA and drift a star across the field
  2. roughly estimate the position angle considering N and W in the field
  3. get time (t1) between primary and secondary stars drifting across the NS line, e.g. 1.93 seconds
  4. put the primary star at the centre
  5. align cross-hair through both stars
  6. get time (t2) of the secondary star drifting across the NS and EW lines, e.g. 3.04 seconds
  7. get the apparent/current declination (d) of the star, e.g. +28.0
  8. calculate the separation
  9. calculate the position angle

The formulae:

formulae for calculating sep and PA

Hopefully I'm using the correct nomenclature here. To be clear, the sin-1 indicates the use of arcsine.

You should get a separation of 32.1" and a position angle of 53°.

Now, McCue explains that the initial PA can impact the final PA calculation. Again, I suggest you roughly estimate it at step 4 above. If the PA is between the degrees:

  • 0 and 90, the primary will lead, and you do not need to modify the calculated value
  • 90 and 180, the primary will lead, but use a final formula: 180 - your calculated PA
  • 180 and 270, the secondary will lead, but use a final formula: 180 + your calculated PA
  • 270 and 360, the secondary will lead, but use a final formula 360 - your calculated PA

McCue also cautions that if the PA is near zero or 180, timing is very difficult.

Notes:

  • you need an equatorial mount where you can toggle sidereal tracking on and off, if that's not abundantly clear
  • you'll want to work at a long focal length for greater resolution
  • a stopwatch (app) with a lap timer will be very handy
  • the alignment drifting and the timing runs should be done a few times, perhaps a dozen, to yield an average
  • if you use an electronic spreadsheet such as Excel or Google Sheets, don't forget to convert to and from radians, as required

So, there you have it.

I really wanted to work through this, understand it. It is a proof of concept. It shows that if an observer really desires to measure doubles visually and has a cross-hair eyepiece, they are good to go. 

With the dearth of astrometric eyepieces now, there are few options for the visual observer trying to save a few bucks...

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If you don't want to reinvent the wheel, ask me for my Excel workbook.

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Edited on 25 Aug to move "rough estimate" of PA earlier in the sequence. It's much more obvious after step 1.

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